Unveiling taxonomic diversity in the deep-sea fish genus Notacanthus (Notacanthiformes: Notacanthidae) with description of Notacanthus arrontei n. sp.

Notacanthid fishes constitute a common part of benthopelagic deep-sea fish communities on seamounts and continental slopes around the world. However, their highly conserved morphology and the usual lack of information on deep-water organisms make it difficult to appropriately address their biodiversity. A multidisciplinary approach combining morphological data with a DNA-based species delimitation analyses was used to explore the taxonomy of Notacanthus species. For this purpose, morphological and molecular data were obtained from 43 individuals, and the resulting information was combined with the available data. The results showed the occurrence of Notacanthus arrontei n. sp. from the Iberian Peninsula and highlighted several taxonomic conundrums regarding the Notacanthus genus. For instance, no significant differences were found between Notacanthus indicus and the recently described Notacanthus laccadiviensis, questioning its taxonomic status. Similarly, the result of the species delimitation molecular analysis coincided with previous DNA barcoding studies supporting the snubnosed spiny eel Notacanthus chemnitzii as a species complex that requires further research. Moreover, two unidentified records from the Indian Ocean were confirmed to belong to an unknown species pending formal description, and barcoding data show for the first time the occurrence of the shortfin spiny eel Notacanthus bonaparte in the Australia-New Zealand area. This research confirms the existence of important gaps in the knowledge of notacanthid fishes and represents a step forward toward a better understanding of their biological diversity.

On the occurrence of a post-larval specimen of Brosme brosme (Gadiformes: Lotidae) on Porcupine Bank (west Ireland).

The occurrence of a small specimen of Brosme brosme (Gadiformes: Lotidae) from the Porcupine Bank is reported. A single specimen with a total length of 73.2 mm was caught with bottom trawl at a depth of 322 m depth in 2017. The specimen was identified morphologically and confirmed by molecular taxonomy using DNA barcoding. Based on the size and ontogenetic characters found, the specimen was identified as a post-larval individual, and a pelagic habitat of the specimen seems more likely.

Territorial gaps on quality of causes of death statistics over the last forty years in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The quality of the statistics on causes of death (CoD) does not present consolidated indicators in literature further than the coding group of ill-defined conditions of the International Classification of Diseases. Our objective was to assess the territorial quality of CoD by reliability of the official mortality statistics in Spain over the years 1980-2019. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological design of four decades (1980-, 1990-, 2000-, and 2010-2019) by region (18) and sex was implemented. The CoD cases, age-adjusted rates and ratios (to all-cause) were assigned by reliability to unspecific and ill-defined quality categories. The regional mortality rates were contrasted to the Spanish median by decade and sex by the Comparative Mortality Ratio (CMR) in a Bayesian perspective. Statistical significance was considered when the CMR did not contain the value 1 in the 95% credible intervals. RESULTS: Unspecific, ill-defined, and all-cause rates by region and sex decreased over 1980-2019, although they scored higher in men than in women. The ratio of ill-defined CoD decreased in both sexes over these decades, but was still prominent in 4 regions. CMR of ill-defined CoD in both sexes exceeded the Spanish median in 3 regions in all decades. In the last decade, women's CMR significantly exceeded in 5 regions for ill-defined and in 6 regions for unspecific CoD, while men's CMR exceeded in 4 and 2 of the 18 regions, respectively on quality categories. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of mortality statistics of causes of death has increased over the 40 years in Spain in both sexes. Quality gaps still remain mostly in Southern regions. Authorities involved might consider to take action and upgrading regional and national death statistics, and developing a systematic medical post-grade training on death certification.

DNA Barcoding of the Genus Magnisudis (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae) with a Coastal Record and Biological Features of Magnisudis atlantica.

One specimen of the duckbill barracudina Magnisudis atlantica of 402 mm TL was caught in a shallow coastal area in Galician waters, northwest of Spain. Morphometric and meristic parameters along with DNA barcoding, based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, were used to confirm the specimen identity. Neighbor-joining analysis of nominal sequences of the genus Magnisudis obtained from the Barcode of Life Data System indicates the presence of six representative groupings of potential species, in contrast to the three that are currently recognized as valid. The stomach contents showed remains of digested crustaceans, tentatively identified as Euphausiids. Histological examination of the gonads revealed the specimen to be an immature female with oocytes at the primary growth stage, indicative of a lack of hermaphroditism. The results add new biological and taxonomic data that contribute to improved understanding of these poorly characterized, mainly deep-water species, demonstrating, once again, the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for identifying deep-sea fishes and characterizing their genetic differences.

Gaidropsarus gallaeciae (Gadiformes: Gaidropsaridae), a New Northeast Atlantic Rockling Fish, with Commentary on the Taxonomy of the Genus.

A new species of rockling fish genus Gaidropsarus is described based on six specimens collected in Galicia and Porcupine Banks, in Atlantic European waters. An analysis of morphological characters has confirmed the specific status of specimens of a previously described clade by comparison of DNA sequences. Gaidropsarus gallaeciae sp. nov. it is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: 43-44 vertebrae; 54-60 third dorsal fin rays; 44-52 anal fin rays; 21-23 pectoral fin rays; head length 21.1-25.2% of standard length (SL); length of the pelvic fin 16.2-19% SL; length of the first dorsal fin ray 15.8-27% of head length (%HL); eye diameter 15.8-20.5% HL; and interorbital space 21.7-28% HL. Using the nucleotide sequence of the 5' end of the mitochondrial COI gene as a molecular marker, the genetic p-distance between the new species and its congeners far exceeds the usual 2%, granting the former the status of an independent taxon, which is in accordance with the morphological identification. A comparison with the other 12 valid species of the genus is presented. The study also highlights the morphological diversity resulting from the meristic and biometric variability of Gaidropsarus species and lays the groundwork for future taxonomic studies on this genus.

A mitochondrial genome assembly of the opal chimaera, Chimaera opalescens Luchetti, Iglésias et Sellos 2011, using PacBio HiFi long reads.

Chondrichthyans (sharks, rays and chimeras) are a fascinating and highly vulnerable group of early branching gnathostomes. However, they remain comparatively poorly sampled from the point of view of molecular resources, with deep water taxa being particularly data deficient. The development of long-read sequencing technologies enables the analysis of phylogenetic relationships through a precise and reliable assembly of complete mtDNA genomes. The sequencing and characterization of the complete mitogenome of the opal chimera Chimera opalescens Luchetti, Iglésias et Sellos 2011, using the long-read technique PacBio HiFi is presented. The entire mitogenome was 23,411 bp long and shows the same overall content, i.e. 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA and 2 ribosomal RNA genes, as all other examined Chondrichthyan mitogenomes. Phylogenetic reconstructions using all available Chondrichthyan mitogenomes, including 11 Holocephali (chimeras and ratfishes), places C. opalescens within the Chimaeridae family. Furthermore, the results reinforce previous findings, showing the genus Chimera as paraphyletic and thus highlighting the need to expand molecular approaches in this group of cartilaginous fishes.

Identification of the shell-boring parasite Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) on wild stocks of Pecten maximus in Galician waters, NW Spain.

Infestations by shell-boring polychaetes have been gaining attention in recent years due to the harmful effects that their presence can pose to the growth and production of marine bivalves worldwide. The Galician region, located in the north-western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, is one of the major producers of marine bivalves in the word and therefore highly dependent on this industry. The recent finding of an unknown polychaete boring into the shells of the king scallop, Pecten maximus, has raised the attention of producers and authorities due to its potential harm to exploitable populations and the economical losses that could entail. The results from the morphological examination revealed the spionid Polydora hoplura as the only species present. DNA of a specimen was extracted and the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was partially sequenced for comparison with published sequences and confirmation of the morphological identification. Consequently, we report for the first time in the area the infestation of wild harvested populations of P. maximus by the mud worm Polydora hoplura. The presence of this shell-boring cosmopolitan invader could pose a threat to king scallop exploitation in Galicia; potential economic impacts need to be evaluated.

La especialidad de Medicina Legal y Forense en España: La consolidación por el sistema de residencia / Legal and Forensic Medicine Specialty in Spain: the consolidation by the medical residency system

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Unexpected deep-sea fish species on the Porcupine Bank (NE Atlantic): Biogeographical implications.

Four specimens corresponding to three rare deep-water fish species were caught on the Porcupine Bank (Northeast Atlantic) in September 2019. These catches include the new northernmost records of Azores rockling Gaidropsarus granti and deep-water dab Poecilopsetta beanii in the Atlantic Ocean and the second record of the latter species in its eastern zone. Three of the specimens were retained and their molecular identification also allowed the Cataetyx alleni DNA barcode to be obtained for the first time. The appearance of P. beanii, a West Atlantic species, in its eastern zone is discussed in relation to a possible phenomenon of transoceanic drift in the larval stage.

Apparently contradictory routes in the expansion of two fish species in the Eastern Atlantic.

One specimen of the boreal Clupea harengus (Clupeidae) was caught southerly, in the Gulf of Cádiz (southern Spain), whereas a specimen of the subtropical Epinephelus aeneus (Serranidae) was caught northerly, in Galician waters (north-west of Spain). These catches represent a new southernmost record in the eastern Atlantic for C. harengus and the second northernmost for E. aeneus. The co-occurrence of warm and cold affinity fishes in temperate latitudes is unusual, but the existence of anomalies in the temperature of the Atlantic waters could be behind these findings.

Combined determination of B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity troponin I in the postmortem diagnosis of cardiac disease.

Cardiac disease is the most common cause of sudden death in Western countries. It is known that high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-cTnI), widely used for detection of myocardial injury, is a sensitive biochemical marker. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a reliable tool for diagnosing heart failure, and for establishing prognosis or disease severity. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the postmortem determination of BNP in serum alone or in addition to other biomarkers, such as hs-cTnI and MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), to ascertain whether its determination improves the post-mortem diagnosis of heart failure-associated causes of death. This study involved 133 cadavers with a mean age of 58.2 (± 17.6) years and a mean postmortem interval of 12.8 (±6.6) h. Cases were assigned into two diagnostic groups, according to the cause of death: cardiac deaths (N = 62) and control (N = 71). In the cardiac group, two categories were established according to morphological features of the heart: 'ischemic deaths' (N = 39), and 'congestive heart' (n = 23). Both hs-cTnI and BNP were useful in diagnosing cardiac deaths, whereas CK-MB did not have any diagnostic relevance. hs-cTnI is higher in cases which acute ischemia as the principal pathology, while the presence of high BNP values is significantly related with chronic cardiac situations with significant ventricular overload. Our findings show that postmortem determination of hs-cTnI and BNP provides valuable information; hs-cTnI is useful for diagnosis of cardiac deaths, mainly with ischemic implications, and BNP gave better results for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure.

Parasites of the Blue Antimora, Antimora rostrata and Slender Codling, Halargyreus johnsonii (Gadiformes: Moridae), in the Northwestern Atlantic.

PURPOSE: The blue antimora, Antimora rostrata and slender codling, Halargyreus johnsonii (Gadoformes: Moridae) are common representatives of deep-water marine demersal fish fauna. This paper focuses on infections in blue antimora caught in the northwestern Atlantic region, but also reports observations on the parasites of slender codling obtained from a limited number of specimens from the same location. METHODS: Standard methods of parasitological examination, fixation and staining were used. In addition, a genetic analysis of the found acanthocephalans was performed to clarify their taxonomic affiliation. RESULTS: Blue antimora is mostly infected by juveniles of Anisakis sp. and trematodes Lepidapedon sp. sensu Campbell & Bray, 1993. The trematode Lepidapedon cf. mariannae and nematodes Spinitectus oviflagellis, Fellicola sp., Hysterothylacium gadi gadi, and Capillaria cf. gracilis have been recorded from blue antimora for the first time. The slender codling has been newly recorded as a host of five parasite species: Steringophorus pritchardae; Plerurinae gen. sp.; Lepidapedon cf. mariannae; Ascarophis sp.; Anisakis sp., and Sphyrion lumpi. CONCLUSIONS: Blue antimora and slender codling are recorded as hosts of 14 and 5 parasite taxa, respectively. The parasite fauna of these two species have similar patterns of infection to other bony fish that exist at a similar depth (800-2000) within the studied region.

The hidden companion of non-native fishes in north-east Atlantic waters.

A tropicalization phenomenon of ichthyofauna has been described in the last decades in Galicia (north-eastern Atlantic), with increasing reports of tropical and subtropical fishes appearing northward this distribution range. A search for parasites was carried out in the digestive tract of two specimens first captured in Galician waters: the prickly puffer Ephippion guttifer (Tetraodontidae) and the African stripped grunt Parapristipoma octolineatum (Haemulidae). Examination of E. guttifer showed high intensity of nematodes, from three different genera: Cucullanus (Cucullanidae), Hysterothylacium (Raphidascaridae) and Anisakis (Anisakidae), with demonstrated pathogenicity to humans. Molecular identification allowed the identification of Anisakis pegreffii, already described in the area, and first reports for European waters of Cucullanus dodsworthi, Hysterothylacium reliquens and a new Hysterothylacium sp. P. octolineatum showed a far lower level of parasitization, with two Hysterothylacium larvae, genetically identified as Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum, also its first report in the eastern Atlantic. Thus, possible ecological impact of the occurrence of two non-native individual fishes in a new area could be remarkably higher if we see this issue through the lens of the parasitological perspective, as far as only two individual fish can harbour more of one hundred nematode parasites belonging to different species, most of them also new species for that area.

Geographic range expansion of Ephippion guttifer (Tetraodontidae) in the north-eastern Atlantic.

The first record of the prickly puffer Ephippion guttifer (Tetraodontidae) from Galician waters (north-west Spain) is reported based on a male specimen of 570 mm total length (LT ) caught in the Ría de Vigo. Morphometric, meristic and DNA barcode data confirmed the identification. Histological examination of reproductive tissue was carried out in this species for the first time, showing a mature male in an actively spawning phase. A historical revision invalidates a previous record and establishes this as the northernmost confirmed capture ever reported in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean.

[More than a decade improving medical and judicial certification in mortality statistics of death causes]. / Más de una década de mejora de la certificación médica y judicial en la estadística de defunciones según causa de muerte.

OBJECTIVE: After the return of Spain to democracy and the regional assumption of government powers, actions were initiated to improve the mortality statistics of death causes. The objective of this work was to describe the evolution of the quality activities improvements into the statistics of death causes on Murcia's region during 1989 to 2011. METHODS: Descriptive epidemiological study of all death documents processed by the Murcia mortality registry. Use of indicators related to the quality of the completion of death in medical and judicial notification; recovery of information on the causes and circumstances of death; and impact on the statistics of ill-defined, unspecific and less specific causes. RESULTS: During the study period, the medical notification without a temporary sequence on the death certificate (DC) has decreased from 46% initial to 21% final (p less than 0.001). Information retrieval from sources was successful in 93% of the cases in 2001 compared to 38%, at the beginning of the period (p less than 0.001). Regional rates of ill-defined and unspecific causes fell more than national ones, and they were in the last year with a differential of 10.3 (p less than 0.001) and 2.8 points (p=0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The medical death certification improved in form and suitability. Regulated recovery of the causes of death and circumstances corrected medical and judicial information. The Murcia's region presented lower rates in less specified causes and ill-defined entities than national averages.

OBJETIVO: Tras el retorno de España a la democracia y la asunción regional de competencias gubernamentales, se iniciaron actuaciones de mejora de la estadística de causas de muerte. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la evolución de las actividades de mejora de la calidad en la estadística de mortalidad en la región de Murcia de 1998 a 2011. METODOS: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de todos los documentos de defunción procesados por el registro de mortalidad de Murcia. Dentro de este estudio se incluyen el uso de indicadores relativos a la calidad de la cumplimentación de documentos por médicos y juzgados, la recuperación de información sobre las causas y circunstancias de la muerte, y el impacto en la estadística de las causas mal definidas, inespecíficas y poco específicas. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de estudio, la notificación médica sin secuencia temporal en el certificado de defunción ha disminuido del 46% inicial al 21% final (p menor de 0,001). La recuperación de información de las fuentes resultó exitosa en el 93% de los casos en 2001 comparada con el 38% al principio del periodo (p menor de 0,001). Las tasas regionales de las causas mal definidas y poco específicas descendieron más que las nacionales, y se situaron en el último año con un diferencial de 10,3 (p menor de 0,001) y 2,8 puntos (p=0,001), respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La certificación médica de la defunción mejoró en forma e idoneidad. La recuperación reglada de las causas y circunstancias de la muerte corrigió la información médica y judicial. La región de Murcia presentó menores tasas ajustadas por causas poco específicas y entidades mal definidas que el promedio nacional.

Phylogenetic analysis shows the general diversification pattern of deep-sea notacanthiforms (Teleostei: Elopomorpha).

The Notacanthiformes is an ancient group of deep-sea ray-finned fishes comprising 27 species in two families; Halosauridae and Notacanthidae. Although many studies have tried to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the major clades of Elopomorpha, little is known about the evolutionary history of notacanthiforms. Molecular and morphological data were used to test previous hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic relationships among notacanthiform taxa, and to unravel the origin and evolution of this group. The molecular analyses of notacanthids showed similar results to those previously obtained employing osteological data, which proposed the existence of the Lipogenyinae (Lipogenys) and Notacanthinae (Notacanthus + Polyacanthonotus) subfamilies. Nevertheless, when the external morphology data is considered Lipogenys is more related to Notacanthus than Polyacanthonotus. The analyses could not fully resolve the inner relationships of the halosaurids. The time-calibrated tree of the order Notacanthiformes shows a long process of diversification spanning from the upper Cretaceous, to 50 million years after the K-Pg extinction, with the gradual emergence of all the modern families and genera of the group. This is the first specific phylogeny of the order Notacanthiformes, combining different analyses and data in order to obtain a wider perspective of the evolution and diversification of this group of fishes.

Más de una década de mejora de la certificación médica y judicial en la estadística de defunciones según causa de muerte / More than a decade of improvement in medical and judicial certification in the statistics of causes of death

Fundamentos: Tras el retorno de España a la democracia y la asunción regional de competencias gubernamentales, se iniciaron actuaciones de mejora de la estadística de causas de muerte. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la evolución de las actividades de mejora de la calidad en la estadística de mortalidad en la región de Murcia de 1998 a 2011. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de todos los documentos de defunción procesados por el registro de mortalidad de Murcia. Dentro de este estudio se incluyen el uso de indicadores relativos a la calidad de la cumplimentación de documentos por médicos y juzgados, la recuperación de información sobre las causas y circunstancias de la muerte, y el impacto en la estadística de las causas mal definidas, inespecíficas y poco específicas. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, la notificación médica sin secuencia temporal en el certificado de defunción ha disminuido del 46% inicial al 21% final (p<0,001). La recuperación de información de las fuentes resultó exitosa en el 93% de los casos en 2001 comparada con el 38% al principio del periodo (p<0,001). Las tasas regionales de las causas mal definidas y poco específicas descendieron más que las nacionales, y se situaron en el último año con un diferencial de 10,3 (p<0,001) y 2,8 puntos (p=0,001), respectivamente. Conclusiones: La certificación médica de la defunción mejoró en forma e idoneidad. La recuperación reglada de las causas y circunstancias de la muerte corrigió la información médica y judicial. La región de Murcia presentó menores tasas ajustadas por causas poco específicas y entidades mal definidas que el promedio nacional

Background: After the return of democracy to Spain and the assumption of governmental powers by the regional areas, measures were taken to improve cause-of-death statistics. The objective of this study was to describe the evolution of the activities undertaken to improve the quality of mortality statistics in the region of Murcia from 1998 to 2011. Methods: A descriptive epidemiological study of all the death documentation processed by the mortality registry in Murcia. Relative quality indicators were used to evaluate the fulfilment of documentation by doctors and court staff. This was backed up by information recovery regarding the causes and circumstances of death, and evaluating the impact on the mortality statistics of ill-defined, unspecific and less specific causes. Results: During the study-period, lack of temporal sequence on the medical death certificate reduced from an initial 46% to a final 21% (p<0.001). Retrieval of information from the various sources was successful in 93% of cases in 2001 compared with 38% at the start of the period (p<0.001). Regional rates of ill-defined and less specific causes have reduced more than the national Spanish rates, with a difference of 10.3 (p<0.001) and 2.8 points (p=0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Medical certification of death has improved both form and suitability. The regulated recovery of the causes and circumstances of death corrected medical and judicial information. Murcia presented lower age-adjusted death rates of less specific and ill-defined causes than the national average